/*@import url("//cdn.cengage.com/libs/font-awesome/4.0.3/css/font-awesome.min.css");
@import url(//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400italic,700italic,300,400,600,700);*/
html body {
  background-color: #FFF;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
   -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  margin: 0 auto;
  min-height: 100%;
  overflow: auto;
  padding: 0;
  text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;
  width: 100%;
}
/*-----------------[Hide Site Map]------------------------*/
footer#sitemap_include { 
  visibility:hidden; 
  display:none;
}

/* -- Hide google_conversion_frame -- */

/*
#footer_include ~ iframe, 
#footer_include ~ img { 
  display: none !important; 
}
*/

/*--- ------------ ---*/
/*--- Signin Block ---*/
/*--- ------------ ---*/

/*-- [Signin Block Reset] --*/

#signin-block div,
#signin-block span,
#signin-block h1,
#signin-block h2,
#signin-block h3,
#signin-block p,
#signin-block a,
#signin-block img,
#signin-block ul,
#signin-block li,
#signin-block label,
#signin-block input,
#signin-block button {
  background: transparent;
  border: 0;
  margin: 0; 
  padding: 0; 
  vertical-align: baseline; 
}

#signin-block {
  background-color:#E0DCCD;
  clear: both;
  font: 400 16px 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; 
  line-height: 20px;
  overflow: hidden;
  padding: 58px 0 40px;
  width: 100%;
}

#signin-block a { text-decoration: none; }

#signin-block .container {
  margin: 0 auto;
  max-width: 875px;
  opacity: 0.999;
  position: relative;
  width: initial;
}

#signin-block.gale .container  { max-width: 920px; }

#signin-block.thorndike .container  { max-width: 995px; }

#signin-block.higher-ed .container  { max-width: 870px; }

#signin-block.student .container  { max-width: 600px; }

#signin-block .signin-btn, 
#signin-block .signin-btn:visited  {
  background: #7C7666;
  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #7C7666, #323232);
    background-image: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7C7666, #323232);
     background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #7C7666, #323232);
      background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #7C7666, #323232);
       background-image: -o-linear-gradient(top, #7C7666, #323232);
  -webkit-border-radius: 4px;
     -moz-border-radius: 4px;
          border-radius: 4px;
  color: #FFF;
  display: block;
  float: left;
  font-weight: 600;
  line-height: 30px;
  margin: 7px 40px 20px 0;
  text-align: center;
  text-shadow: 0 0 0 #000;
  -webkit-transition: 0.15s ease-in-out;
     -moz-transition: 0.15s ease-in-out;
       -o-transition: 0.15s ease-in-out;
          transition: 0.15s ease-in-out;
  width: 270px;
}

#signin-block.student .signin-btn, #signin-block.student .signin-btn:visited { margin-top: 0;}

#signin-block.gale .signin-btn, #signin-block.gale .signin-btn:visited, #signin-block.thorndike .signin-btn, #signin-block.thorndike .signin-btn:visited { margin-top: 40px; }

#signin-block .signin-btn:hover {
  background: #624D4E;
  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #624D4E, #3B3933);
    background-image: linear-gradient(to bottom, #624D4E, #3B3933);
     background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #624D4E, #3B3933);
      background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #624D4E, #3B3933);
       background-image: -o-linear-gradient(top, #624D4E, #3B3933);
  text-decoration: none;
  text-shadow: 0 0 3px #000;
}

#signin-block p {
  overflow: hidden;
  padding-bottom: 3px;
}

#signin-block.student p { line-height: 30px; }
#signin-block p b { font-weight: 600;}
#signin-block ul.bullets {  
  display: inline-block;
  line-height: 23px;
  margin: 0 0 20px 9px;
}

#signin-block ul.bullets li {     
  margin-left: 11px;
  position:relative;
}

#signin-block ul.bullets li:before { 
  content:"·";
  font-size: 37px;
  top: -1px;
  left: -15px;
  position:absolute;
}

/* ---[Large devices (large desktops, 993px to 1200px)]--- */
@media (max-width: 1200px) { #signin-block .container { padding: 0 20px; } }

/* ---[Medium devices (Desktops, 769px to 992px)]--- */
@media (max-width: 992px) { #signin-block .container { padding: 0 20px; } }

@media (max-width:913px) { #signin-block.gale .signin-btn, #signin-block.gale .signin-btn:visited, #signin-block.thorndike .signin-btn, #signin-block.thonrdike .signin-btn:visited { margin-top: 0; } }

@media (max-width:768px) {
  #signin-block { -webkit-text-size-adjust: none; }
  #signin-block p { clear: left; } 
  #signin-block .signin-btn { margin: 7px auto 20px !important; }
  #signin-block ul.bullets { margin: 0 0 0 9px; }
}

@media (max-width:480px) { 
  #signin-block { -webkit-text-size-adjust: none; }
  #signin-block { padding: 20px 0; }
  #signin-block .container { padding: 0 20px; }
  #signin-block .signin-btn { 
    float: none;
    width: 100%;
  }
}

/*--- ---------------- ---*/
/*--- [CENGAGE FOOTER] ---*/
/*--- ---------------- ---*/

/*-- [Footer Reset] --*/

#footer_include div,
#footer_include span,
#footer_include h1,
#footer_include h2,
#footer_include h3,
#footer_include p,
#footer_include a,
#footer_include img,
#footer_include ul,
#footer_include li,
#footer_include label,
#footer_include input,
#footer_include button,
#footer_include .panel {
  background: transparent;
  border: 0;
  box-shadow: none;
  margin: 0; 
  padding: 0; 
  vertical-align: baseline; 
}

#footer_include :before,
#footer_include :after {
  display: inline-block;
  text-rendering: optimizeLegibility !important;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
   -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important;
  font-family: FontAwesome;
  font-weight: normal;
  webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
    -moz-box-sizing: border-box;
         box-sizing: border-box;
}

/*--- [Footer Style] ---*/

#footer_include { 
  background: #7C7666;
  color: #FFF; 
  clear: both;
  font: 400 11px 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
  min-height: 200px;
  overflow: hidden;
  padding: 51px 0 0 0;
  width: 100%;
}

#footer_include .container {
  margin: 0 auto;
  max-width: 1180px;
  opacity: 0.999;
  position: relative;
  width: initial;
}

#footer_include .container:after { display: table; }

#footer_include ul { list-style-type: none; }

.sr-only {
  border: 0;
  clip: rect(0,0,0,0);
  height: 1px;
  margin: -1px;
  padding: 0;
  position: absolute;
  overflow: hidden;
  width: 1px;
}

#footer_include .container:last-of-type {
  clear: both;
  line-height: 40px;
  min-height: 41px;
}

#footer_include a { 
  color: #FFF;
  text-decoration: none;
}

#footer_include a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } 

#footer_include h1,
#footer_include .column h1 button {
  color: #FFF;
  font: 600 13px/18px 'Open Sans',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;
}

#footer_include .column ul {  margin-bottom: 20px; }

#footer_include .column ul li { 
  line-height: 21px;
  padding-top: 4px;
}

#footer_include .column { 
  float: left;
  height: auto;
}

#footer_include .column-1 { width: 252px; }

#footer_include .column-2 { width: 228px; }

#footer_include .learning-solution { clear: left; }

#footer_include .column-3 { 
  padding-left: 480px;
  float: none; 
}

#footer_include .column-3 h1,
#footer_include .column-3 h1 button {
  font-size: 16px;
  line-height: 22px;
}

#footer_include .column-3 p {
  font-size: 15px;
  line-height: 22px;
}


/*---[Social Media]---*/  
#footer_include ul.social-media {
  height: 31px;
  line-height: 41px;
  margin: 53px 0 31px 0;
}

#footer_include.he #footer ul.social-media { margin-top: 178px;}

#footer_include ul.social-media li { display: inline-block; }

#footer_include ul.social-media a {
  background-size: 18px 18px;
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  clip: rect(0,0,0,0);
  color: transparent;
  display: block;
  font-size: 0;
  height: 18px;
  overflow: hidden;
  padding: 0 0 0 3px;
  width: 18px;
}

#footer_include a.facebook-icon    { background-image: url('//cdn.cengage.com/images/sites/cengage/headerfooter/btn_facebook.png');}
#footer_include a.youtube-icon     { background-image: url('//cdn.cengage.com/images/sites/cengage/headerfooter/btn_youtube.png');}
#footer_include a.twitter-icon     { background-image: url('//cdn.cengage.com/images/sites/cengage/headerfooter/btn_tweet.png');}
#footer_include a.pinterest-icon   { background-image: url('//cdn.cengage.com/images/sites/cengage/headerfooter/btn_pinterest.png');}
#footer_include a.linkedin-icon    { background-image: url('//cdn.cengage.com/images/sites/cengage/headerfooter/btn_linkedin.png');}
#footer_include a.glassdoor-icon   { background-image: url('//cdn.cengage.com/images/sites/cengage/headerfooter/btn_glassdoor.png');}
#footer_include a.gale-blog-icon   { background-image: url('//cdn.cengage.com/images/sites/cengage/headerfooter/gale-blog-icon.png');}
#footer_include a.rss-icon         { background-image: url('//cdn.cengage.com/images/sites/cengage/headerfooter/btn_rss.png');}
#footer_include a.instagram-icon   { background-image: url('//cdn.cengage.com/images/sites/cengage/headerfooter/btn-instagram.png');}
#footer_include a.google-plus-icon { background-image: url('//cdn.cengage.com/images/sites/cengage/headerfooter/google-plus-social-icon.png');}

#footer_include hr.faded-divider {
  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(204,204,204,.1), rgba(204,204,204,.8), rgba(204,204,204,.9), rgba(204,204,204,1), rgba(204,204,204,.9), rgba(204,204,204,.8), rgba(204,204,204,.1));
  background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, rgba(204,204,204,.1), rgba(204,204,204,.8), rgba(204,204,204,.9), rgba(204,204,204,1), rgba(204,204,204,.9), rgba(204,204,204,.8), rgba(204,204,204,.1));
  background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(left, rgba(204,204,204,.1), rgba(204,204,204,.8), rgba(204,204,204,.9), rgba(204,204,204,1), rgba(204,204,204,.9), rgba(204,204,204,.8), rgba(204,204,204,.1));
  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, rgba(204,204,204,.1), rgba(204,204,204,.8), rgba(204,204,204,.9), rgba(204,204,204,1), rgba(204,204,204,.9), rgba(204,204,204,.8), rgba(204,204,204,.1));
  border: 0;
  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 3px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3);
          box-shadow: 0 1px 3px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3);
  clear: both;
  height: 1px;
  margin: 0;
  width: 100%;
}

#footer_include .branded-logo { margin-top: 7px; }  
 
#footer_include button {   
  color: #FFF; 
  text-align: left;
}

#footer_include button::-moz-focus-inner { 
    border: 0;
    padding: 0;
}

#footer_include button[data-target="#footer-bottom-content"] { 
  display: none;
  float: right;
  /*height: 41px;*/
  line-height: 41px;
}

#footer_include button[data-target="#footer-bottom-content"]:before { 
  content: "\f0c9"; 
  font-size: 22px;
  display: inline-block;
}

#footer_include .country-code { float: left; }

#footer_include ul.legal { float: right; }

#footer_include ul.legal li {
  display: inline-block;
  padding: 0 10px 0 10px;
  line-height: 11px;
  border-right: 1px solid;
}

#footer_include ul.legal li:last-of-type {
  border-right: 0;
  padding-right: 0;
}


/* -- Collapse Function -- */
#footer_include .collapse {
  height: 0;
  overflow: hidden;
  position: relative;
}

.ie8 #footer_include .collapse { height: auto; }

#footer_include .collapsing { 
  overflow: hidden; 
  -webkit-transition: height 0.35s ease;
     -moz-transition: height 0.35s ease;
       -o-transition: height 0.35s ease;
          transition: height 0.35s ease;
}

#footer_include .collapse.in { height: auto; }


/* ---[ Makes Column Content Re-Appear if it is closed and stay open above mobile size]--- */
@media (min-width: 481px) { 
  #footer_include .column .collapse, 
  #footer_include .column .collapsing {
    height: auto !important;
    position: initial;
    display: block !important;
  }

  #footer_include [data-toggle="collapse"]:before { display: none; }

  #footer_include .column h1 button:hover { cursor: default; }

  #footer_include .column h1 button:focus { text-decoration: none; }

}

/* ---[Large devices (large desktops, 993px to 1200px)]--- */
@media (max-width: 1200px) { #footer_include .container { padding: 0 20px; } }

/* ---[Affects only the Footer Bottom Content]--- */
@media (min-width: 931px) { #footer_include #footer-bottom-content.collapse { 
    height: auto !important;
    display: initial;
  } 
}
@media (max-width: 930px) { 
  #footer_include button[data-target="#footer-bottom-content"]  { display:block;}

  #footer_include #footer-bottom-content.collapse.in { height: 0px; }

  #footer_include ul.legal { 
    clear: left;
    float: left; 
  }

  #footer_include ul.legal li { 
    border: 0;
    display: block;
    line-height: 36px;
    padding-left: 0;
  }
}

/* ---[Small Devices (Tablets, 481px to 768px )]--- */
@media (max-width:768px) {
  #footer_include { -webkit-text-size-adjust: none; }

  #footer_include .column-1 { height: inherit; }

  #footer_include .column.column-2 {
    height:inherit;
    padding-left: 0;
    width: inherit;
  }

  #footer_include .column-3 { 
    clear: left;
    padding-left: 0; 
  }

  #footer_include ul.social-media { margin: 16px 0 31px !important; }
}

/* ---[Extra Small devices (Phones, 0 - 480px)]--- */
@media (max-width:480px) {
  #footer_include { -webkit-text-size-adjust: none; }

  #footer_include .container { padding: 0 20px; }

  /* #footer_include .column h1:first-of-type { 
    display:none;
    visibility: hidden;
  }*/

  #footer_include [data-toggle="collapse"] {display:block;}
  #footer_include [data-toggle="collapse"]:hover {
    text-decoration: underline;
    cursor: pointer;
  }

  #footer_include .column { 
    width: 100%; 
    height: inherit;
  }

  #footer_include .column h1 button { 
    font-size: 14px;
    line-height: 22px; 
  }

 #footer_include .column h1 button:before { 
  content: "\f077";
  display: inline-block;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
  -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform .2s linear;
        -moz-transition: -moz-transform .2s linear;
          -ms-transition: -ms-transform .2s linear;
            -o-transition: -o-transform .2s linear;
                  transition: transform .2s linear;
 }

  #footer_include .column h1 button.collapsed:before { 
    filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.BasicImage(rotation=2);
    -webkit-transform: rotate(180deg);
       -moz-transform: rotate(180deg);
        -ms-transform: rotate(180deg);
         -o-transform: rotate(180deg);
            transform: rotate(180deg);
  }

  #footer_include .column ul { margin: 0 0 13px 16px; }

  #footer_include.he #footer .column-2 { clear: left; }

  #footer_include .column-3 p { margin: 10px 0 0 16px; }

  #footer_include .collapse.in { height: 0; }

  #footer_include ul.social-media { 
    height: auto;
    margin: 20px 0 0 0 !important;
  }

  #footer_include ul.social-media a {
    background-position: right;
    background-size: 24px 24px;
    background-repeat: no-repeat;
    display: block;
    height: 24px;
    padding: 0 0 0 14px;
    width: 24px;
  }

  #footer_include ul.social-media li:first-of-type a {
    padding-left: 0;
  }

  #footer_include.he #footer ul.social-media a { padding-left: 9px; }

  #footer_include ul.legal li {
    border: 0;
    line-height: 36px;
    padding: 0;
  }
}